This is a really tough question(s).
I think Spogg answered it well...
PS
Spogg is hardly representative of the average Flowstone user. Understatement of the day
And, he is also always nice to answer alot of questions...
However it just isn't something that I can really become invested into.
Sound like me
But I have coded/scripted some (C#/javascript and a tiny bit of C and asm a long long time ago) but aren't that skilled and have forgotten most of it.
I enjoy coding when I know what I'm trying to achieve, and understand the coding at the moment (since coding has to be relearned all the time for me and be somewhat fresh in memory

)
So, how powerful are the inbuilt modules? Can I build a completely unique synth from the ground up using just the modules, or is Ruby something I have to learn in order to achieve my goals? Is their any guides/tutorials that you would recommend that would teach me how to use these modules?
I'm a complete newbie and built this
https://www.kvraudio.com/product/saguaro-one-by-saguaro-oneHave been tinkering with is now and then since spring/summer, when I started playing around with FS.
Having owned some hardware synth for a long time I built it to learn a bIt about synths. Just for fun.
The plugin is hardly unique in sound and is more of a wonky "example synth" on steroids. But as reference It could have been made "entirely" with inbuilt (toolbox) prims and modules if needed. It
does feature alot of alterations using even more toolbox prims though...
It did however end up full of MVs ASM modules he has kindly shared
Alot due to the fact I made mistakes, and overdid it a little bit

in respect to my initial synth structure (the amount if connections) and had to resort to optimized modules.
I recently changed my mind in regards to the structure and gained back alot of cpu performance by improving it.
Can I build a completely unique synth from the ground up using just the modules
Yes.
But if your ambitions are to create multiple plugins "and" compete with other serious plugins in sound quality or "fidelity" and versatility you have a real challenge on your hands. You will likely need to learn some DSP and how audio and audio processing works. Math.
Otherwise you end up with something like my synth... playful and maybe unique (for good or bad) in appearance but nothing out of the ordinary in sound. Even if i'm personally pretty satisfied with it... in respect to the level of ambition and effort put into it. Which was mostly to enjoy myself and create a synth plugin that I can continue tinkering with when I feel the urge...
I'll keep updating my synth for a time... that's why I'm still lurking around the forum to check if there are some solutions to issues I still have with my plugin.
FS is a good learning and prototype enviroment...
But I kind of feel that there is a lack of tutorials. On the other hand, if you want to dive into the rabbit hole you can maybe look at for example Spogg's and K Browns .fsm files?
I rarely undestand much looking inside these

but some solutions would probably aim you in the right direction if you know that you're trying to achieve...
Well, this is my experience and perception of all the FS stuff. Other people likely have their own view...
The math behind audio and audio processing is a good thing to try and learn I believe... if your ambitions are high.